Does the El Nino-Southern Oscillation affect spring storms?

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) alters the climate all over the world. The 1997-1998 El Nino was one of the strongest on record. Consequently, 1998 is one of the warmest years on record globally. ENSO is known to impact the United States winter weather, but what does it do during the spring?

New research suggests that ENSO affects severe storms during the spring time. In general, the authors found that an ENSO warm phase (El Nino) acts to suppress the frequency of tornadoes and hail in the southern central US, while an ENSO cool phase (La Nina) increases the frequency of tornadoes and hail. 

Figure 1. El Nino influence is on the left and La Nina is on the right. Orange colors indicate less frequent, while purple colors indicate more frequent. Source: http://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-affect-spring-tornadoes-and-hailstorms

When the sea surface temperatures over the Equatorial Pacific are above or below normal conditions, the general circulation temporarily changes. This anomaly causes the Jet Stream, over the US, to change. El Nino weakens the surface winds that cause warm, moist air to advect northwards. La Nina increases the winds. It's interesting to note that the 2010/2011 winter season was influence by a La Nina. Also, the spring 2011 severe weather seasons was one of the worst on record.

Unfortunately, the understanding of ENSO's infleunce on spring climate is less certain. Considering the severe weather season peaks in the spring for the United States, more research should be conducted to better understand ENSO's influence. 

Cheers, 

Source: http://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/el-ni%C3%B1o-and-la-ni%C3%B1a-affect-spring-tornadoes-and-hailstorms

May Summary

If May gives any indication of how the summer will be, it will be a hot and dry one.

Just kidding. It does not.

So, this past May in Raleigh was a hot and dry month. The average temperature was 72.48F (3.85F above the norm), which was the 9th warmest May on record! The average maximum temperature was 83.56F (3.41F above normal) and the average minimum temperature was 61.41F (4.3F above normal).

Figure 1. The blue line is the observed daily max temps and the orange is the "normal" daily max temps

Figure 2. The blue line is the observed daily min temps and the orange is the "normal" daily min temps

Although is was a warm May, Raleigh only reached the 90F temp twice. Raleigh reached the upper 80s quite frequently, which caused the abnormal heat. 

As for the precipitation, Raleigh only received 3.04" of rain. Luckily, Tropical Storms Ana brought us precipitation. However, that's not the case for western N.C. Just one county to our west (and most of NC for that matter) is under a slight drought. Click this link for more information. 

Figure 3. The yellow color indicates areas of abnormally dry conditions. 

Like I stated in the previous post, El Nino is expected to play a role in our climate this year, so it will be interesting to see how it unfolds. 

Cheers, 

ENSO Discussion and Summer Outlook

The El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is one of many natural climate oscillations that can alter our Earth's climate. Normally, the ocean upwells cold water off the western coast of South America, therefore causing a consistent band of thunderstorms around the equator. The thunderstorms usually propagate westward across the equatorial pacific. Sometimes, warmer than average Sea Surface Temperatures (SST) occur across the equatorial pacific causing the atmospheric circulation to temporarily switch (Fig 1).

Figure 1. The far left picture depicts El Nino conditions, the middle depicts normal conditions, and the far right depicts La Nina Conditions. Source: http://www.reefresilience.org/images/Stressors_ENSO3.png

The above average SSTs normally begin around the spring/summer and if they last til the winter, it can alter the Earth's climate (these are what we call teleconnections). The more prevalent teleconnections occur in the winter months. In the United States, during the winter months an El Nino normally (each episode is different) causes:

1. Wetter conditions in Southern California and the Southwest 

2. Warmer conditions in the Pacific Northwest 

3. Wetter and cooler conditions in the Southeast 

The Climate Prediction Center (CPC) just released the current ENSO's evolution earlier this week. CPC has issued an El Nino Advisory. Meaning, there is a 90% chance El Nino conditions will continue through the summer and an 80% chance of it lasting through the winter. Here are the latest SST anomalies: 

As you can see, there is an extensive range of above normal SSTs. They are about 1C above normal, which is pretty strong for this time of year. There is also fairly negative Outgoing Longwave Radiation, which enhances the convection (thunderstorms) and precipitation. Lastly, there are anomalous low level (850 hPa) westerly winds present. Overall, most of the models predict El Nino will persist throughout this year. If it does, it will give some relief to California because it usually causes decent rainstorms there. 

As for the summer outlook, CPC predicts normal temperature and precipitation conditions for most of NC (Fig 2). 

This May has been kind of dry with just 2.46" of rain thus far in Raleigh. A lot of NC is in a slight drought and hopefully it will not worsen too much. However, if El Nino conditions continue, the slight drought should be relieved. I personally like El Nino conditions because it makes for an interesting winter. We shall see. 

Cheers, 

Raleigh, North Carolina April Climate

I realize this is a bit overdue, but I've been extremely busy with finals and work. So, please forgive me. I've decided that after each month has ended, I will discuss the state of climate.

April is usually the start of severe weather season for the United States. I know this is bad, but I look forward to it every year. In my undergraduate years, my friends and I would chase storms all over the Southeast. It was an exciting time. 2011 was a particularly bad year with many, many destructive storms/tornadoes. North Carolina does not typically receive destructive tornadoes, but we are certainly not immune. This April was fairly quiet. There were a few thunderstorms that rolled through. In fact, I saw hail (pea size) for the first time in years. Overall, I do not recall very many severe storms in the Raleigh area.

The average temperatures and precipitation values did not depart from their norm too much. The average maximum temperature was 72.5F, which was right around normal (72.4F).

 The blue line indicates the observed maximum temperatures for each day in April. The orange line shows the "normal" maximum temperature for each day. Again, the maximum temperature for April was right around normal.

The average minimum temperature was 50.6F, which was above normal (48.03F).

The blue line is the observed minimum temperatures for every day in April. The orange line is the "normal" minimum temperature for each day. The daily temperature oscillates around the normal temperature. Keep in mind that the "normal" temperature is constructed after about 30 years of data. We do not expect the temperature to really be at or near normal every day. It simply gives us an idea of how the climate is changing. In this instance, we saw the average high temperature did not exceed the norm, while the average low temperature was above normal. A single months data is not conclusive evidence that a change is occurring, but it's important to consistently record the changes so we may better understand what direction we're headed in. Plus, this data does coincide with hypothesis that the high temperature is not getting higher, only the low temperature is increasing. 

Now, let's have a look at April's precipitation:

Overall, the total monthly precipitation was 5.28" and the normal temperature is 2.92". So, it was a relatively wet month (because the precipitation total was above normal). This is also consistent with the hypothesis that the Southeast will experience an increase in precipitation totals in the future. It would be interesting to research if any natural climate variation played a role. It's also interesting because there was a total of 14 rain producing storms in the month. 

I shall research if any climate oscillation had any influence. That's all for now. 

Cheers, 

10 of the best YouTube videos on Climate Change

10 of the best YouTube videos on Climate change

The link above is the original article. To make things a little more simple, I'll post the 10 best YouTube videos on Climate Change here:

Last Week Tonight with John Oliver: Climate Change Debate (HBO)

NASA | A Year in the Life of Earth's CO2

The History of Climate Change Negotiations in 83 seconds

Climate Change | David Mitchell's Soapbox UPDATE

The Most Terrifying Video You'll Ever See

Gavin Schmidt: The emergent patterns of Climate Change 

I'm a Climate Scientist (Hungry Beast) 

Climate Change -- Those hacked emails

300 Years of Fossil Fuels in 300 seconds

13 Misconceptions about Global Warming

Greenhouse Effect Video

After many, many hours of work and frustrated I managed to produce a video discussing the greenhouse effect. Studies and surveys show that this topic is not as understood as it should be. I hope the video provides answers and clears up any confusion. It's kind of long (9 minutes), but I hope you watch and enjoy the whole thing!

Cheers,

Aurelia

Perceptions

By R. Mosco via the nib.com 

I'm a little late on last months climate analysis, but I find it relevant for this post, which is titled "Perceptions." I've discovered that most people (including myself) are convinced our perception of past events is fact. When a particular day is cold I find myself thinking, "this is the coldest day I've ever felt" or if a storm causes flooding I think, "this is the worst flooding I've ever seen!" Our memories are bias, but we're convinced it's fact. Data is a wonderful, wonderful tool. One of the things I love about science is data, and numbers do not lie.

After a cold February and start of March, winter seemed like it would never end. I remember Raleigh peaking at 80 F a few times, and I was convinced that March would be another below normal month. At the end of March, I gathered the data. Here's the March climate for Raleigh:

Fig 1 shows the max daily temperature in blue and the normal high temperature in red. 

We see the maximum daily temperature oscillates around the normal high temperature. The normal high temperature is calculated by averaging the daily recorded value. Overall, the average high temperature for March was 62.7 F and the normal high temperature for March is 63.4 F. So, the average max temperature of March was slightly below average (0.7 F), but it's safe to say that it was "normal." 

Fig 2 shows the minimum daily temperature in blue and the normal low temperature in red. 

In figure 2 we see the daily low temperature linger around the normal low temperature. The average low temperature for March was 39.8 F and the normal low temperature for March is 39.9 F. Therefore, the average min temperature of March was barely below average (0.1 F). Again, the average min temperature is considered "normal." 

In conclusion, the month of March in Raleigh was a normal March (even though it felt cooler than normal). I was actually surprised to find that March was normal! 

This is a great example of how our perceptions of the past are not great indicators of what actually happened. I hear variations of this phrase quite often: "It was so cold this month, Climate change is not happening!" I have two things to say on the matter. One, it's important to remember when looking at climate change or global warming, we're looking at the average temperatures for the entire globe. Take the year 2014 for example. Most of the Eastern United States experienced below average winters, while the rest of the globe experienced above average temperatures. In fact, the year 2014 was the warmest year on record. Let's take a look at the following picture from NASA: 

The yellow, orange, and red colors indicate areas of warming while blue indicates areas of cooling. This image is a great way to see the Earths deviations all together. So, yes, it was cooler than average in the Eastern United States, but when we incorporate observations from the rest of the planet, we see an above average year. 

Second, when particular areas experience cooler than average seasons or months, it does not indicate climate change is not occurring. When studying the complex climate we live in, we compare new data to that of data from hundreds and sometimes thousands of years ago. 

Climate Change is still a sensitive topic and it's very easy to say it's not happening because of a few anomalies. Therefore, it's prudent that correct information is published and explained to the general public, so we can avoid more confusion in the future. 

What Do Americans believe?

Recent studies have concluded that the nearly half of Americans believe that Anthropogenic Climate Change is occurring. Pew Research Center conducted a survey in 2014 and concluded about 61% of Americans believe there is solid evidence that the Earth is warming (Motel 30.3.15). Motel continues by stating that 48% of Americans believe it's a top concern. The top concerns were possible terrorists attacks and the nuclear plans of Iran and North Korea. As time passes, scientific evidence continues to indicate humans have influence the climate and scientific consensus continues to rise, too. A recent opinion survey showed that there's still a significant gap between the general public and scientists. The poll concluded that about 50% of the general public and 87% of scientists believe that climate change is mostly due to human activity.

Fig 1. Shows the percent of Americans that believe in Global warming and how many view it as a major threat. 

Honestly, I found these studies quite surprising. I feel like I spend a lot more time discussing how we know humans have influenced the climate than what we can do to fix the problem. However, I still remain quite optimistic after reading these studies. I think society is moving in the right direction. As scientific consensus increases, the public is sure to follow. Since more a more people understand that there is a problem, it is our job to introduce solutions.

Works Cited:

Motel, Seth. "Polls Show Most Americans Believe in Climate Change, but Give It Low Priority." Pew Research Center RSS. 23 Sept. 2014. Web. 1 Apr. 2015. <http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2014/09/23/most-americans-believe-in-climate-change-but-give-it-low-priority/>.

Climate Change Depiction in the Media

Here are some examples of how Climate Change is depicted in the media. No climate message is neutral and they display a frame of some sort. Most of the images of Climate Change are negative, so I think it's best to discuss them (as they are more likely to be viewed by the public). Studies have found that images displaying negativity do not cause of long-term behavior change. Therefore, I find it prudent to discuss them so they may be avoided in the future. 

The first image was produced by Greenpeace. It presents two images. The top represents "then" while the bottom represents "now." This image is meant to provoke an emotional response from the viewer. Hulme, Chap 7 referenced a figure from Shanahan (2007) that stated various Climate Change frames. I would classify this image as a "catastrophe frame," because the melting glacier is meant to convince the audience that the Earth is indeed warming. The glacier melting represents the potential disasters mankind may face due to anthropogenic climate change. The catastrophe frame is meant from those who are already concerned about the future of the planet. I have some issues with this image, the first being the validity of the image. These images could have been taken during different seasons; however, there is no way to verify. Also, while this image may induce immediate worry from the audience, I do not believe it would cause a behavior change. Typically, images of this sort disengage the viewer. O'Neill et al. 2013 found that climate impact images were less efficacious, which is not the desired outcome of the Climate Change campaign. The audience has a difficult time connecting the image of the melting glacier to their personal life. Not to mention, the image gives to solution to the problem, which may cause the audience to feel helpless. In conclusion, I’ve seen this approach done frequently. I do not believe it has made much of an impact in the past. Therefore, I believe it is best to avoid images such as these in the future. Especially since most of the American public believes Climate change is occurring, but they place it low amongst their priorities.

source: http://tomohalloran.com/2014/01/11/risking-lives-promote-climate-change-hype/

The second image depicts a well-dressed man representing the “industrialized polluting nations” destroying the developing countries with Climate Change. The intended audience is for those who care about those in the developing countries. The frame used in this cartoon is the industrialized polluting nations are solely responsible for destroying the developing countries. The audience is assumed to distrust politicians and possess sympathy for the developing countries. While I understand the cartoon is meant to be comical, I do not think it will cause anyone to change his or her opinion. This cartoon is meant for those who already share similar opinions. To be frank, it may provoke frustration amongst the audience who oppose Climate Change because the artist portrays the polluting nations in a negative manner. I personally do not like this image because all it does is places blame. Cartoons, such as these, are seen as “liberal alarmists” ones and further divides the nation into skeptics and alarmists (Nisbet 2000). If we are going to solve this problem, we cannot be divided.   

Has the media captured the correct attention?

Well, as the saying goes, “some publicity is better than no publicity!”

I googled the phrase "climate change" and clicked on the first media related link. This is what appeared:

It's not horrible, but note that the picture is of the arctic sea ice. Why does this matter to me? How does it affect me? Since the first tangible impact of anthropogenic climate change is melting ice, it makes sense that the media would display those images. However, how effective is this? This plays in into two problems: 1. the story is not relevant to the audience 2. the story displays the "disaster frame" of all the sea ice/glaciers are melting away. In this discussion, I will discuss the latter. 

I feel as if it’s necessary to incorporate some of my personal experiences in order to convey my thoughts better. I’ve always been fascinated with the weather, so I read books and watched movies to better prepare myself for my future studies. My first exposure to Global Warming/Climate Change was in High School. I remember the films The Day After Tomorrow and Inconvenient Truth created quite the gossip about Global Warming and human’s role in the matter. After watching Inconvenient Truth, I remember feeling the desire to become more environmentally friendly and that the documentary seemed fairly dramatic. I hardly learned anything from both films and I didn’t seek any further information on Global Warming. So, it makes me wonder, if these films didn’t peek my interest in Global Warming, how did they make everyone feel? From the handful of people I know, everyone stated Inconvenient Truth was “over dramatic.” I’m not concluding this as an absolute feeling for the general public.

            The issue of anthropogenic Climate Change is not by any means new. So, the question then becomes, why hasn’t more been done? Why is there still controversy among the American general public? I don’t claim to be an expert, but it seems to me that the “sense of urgency” to change is a more recent development. More studies are being conducted and it’s a story that reaches the media relatively frequently. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) began in 1988 and every 6-7 years they release a report on the current status of the climate and what the future climate may be. Since the first assessment report, the IPCC has become more confident in the human influence and what impacts we may expect, however, consensus among the public still muddled around misunderstandings.   

            Most of the media coverage about Global Warming/Climate Change has been over exaggerated weather extremes. They claim scientists are calling for mega hurricanes, scorching heat, and destruction beyond our imagination. Not to mention, any time severe weather occurs the media quickly raises the question, “Is this due to global warming?” According to the media, severe weather outbreaks in the southeast are because of Global Warming, while record breaking cold temperatures disproves its existence. It’s really quite frustrating to read how much the media distorts facts just because they want to sell a story. It’s astounding how the media does not seem to be troubled by such unethical reporting. I think the media has done a brilliant job in displaying the disaster frame and drawing the public’s attention, however, I do not think it’s the sort of attention that is necessary to cause behavior change. Studies have proven that “scare tactics” do not work. It’s a temporary solution for a long-term problem. Myers et al. 2012 stated, “studies have found that messages emphasizing catastrophic, dire consequences or threats that are geographically remote can result in less concern and more hopelessness among audiences.” Numerous studies have all concluded similar ideas: negative emotional appeals do not work. I agree, as I have personally experienced the frame. We cannot make the public feel hopeless with no sort of solution. It’s our job to properly education them and guide them to how we can fix this problem. It’s not going to be easy, but we need to stand in it together.

Works Cited

Myers, Teresa A., Matthew C. Nisbet, Edward W. Maibach, and Anthony A. Leiserowitz. "A             Public Health Frame Arouses Hopeful Emotions about Climate Change." Climatic Change (2012): 1105-112.

A welcome post

Hello!

As a project for myself, I've decided to create a blog to discuss Anthropogenic Climate Change and the articles I read on the matter. I'm very passionate about the subject and I do believe we can mitigate and adapt to the impacts. I believe proper education on climate is key, then the public has the right to decide from there. I think we should move towards becoming a more sustainable society and rely on renewable energy resources and nuclear energy. I do not mind discussing Climate Change with people, in fact, I rather love it. Feel free to send me your thoughts and concerns.

A little bit about myself: I spent most of my life in California, then moved to North Carolina in High School. I've always had a fascination with weather. My definition of "good weather" is thunderstorms, tornadoes, sleet, freezing rain, snow, etc. I received my Bachelors of Science in Atmospheric Sciences from the University of North Carolina at Asheville. I'm currently pursuing a Masters degree at North Carolina State University. I love to read, travel, run (running my first half marathon in three weeks!), mountain bike, and my biggest hobby is playing classical piano. I hope you enjoy the discussion!

*Disclaimer for this blog: Keep in mind that Anthropogenic Climate Change is occurring and this is what will be discussed in this blog.